Imports-Exports
Imports.
"Imports" consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from non-residents residents to residents. The exact definition of imports in national accounts includes and excludes specific "borderline" cases. A general delimitation of imports in national accounts is given below:An import of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a non-resident to a resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the import measurement.Imports of services consist of all services rendered by non-residents to residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by residents outside the economic territory of a country are recorded as imports of services; therefore all expenditure by tourists in the economic territory of another country are considered as part of the imports of services. Also international flows of illegal services must be included.Basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts:Data on international trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering the country are recorded as imports. If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade statistics) is applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation of the importing country.A special case is the intra-EU trade statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation.Statistical recording of trade in services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered via electronic means (e.g. internet) the related international flows of services are difficult to identify.Basic statistics on international trade normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities.
Importaciones.
"Las importaciones" consisten en las transacciones de bienes y servicios (ventas, trueques, regalos o donaciones) de los no residentes a los residentes a residentes. La definición exacta de las importaciones en las cuentas nacionales incluye y excluye determinados casos "límite".una delimitación general de las importaciones en las cuentas nacionales es la siguiente:Una importación de un bien se produce cuando hay un cambio de propiedad de un no residente a un residente, lo que no implica necesariamente que el bien en cuestión física cruza la frontera. Sin embargo, en casos específicos de las cuentas nacionales imputar los cambios de propiedad, incluso aunque en términos legales no hay cambio de propiedad se lleva a cabo (por ejemplo, de arrendamiento financiero transfronterizo, las entregas transfronterizas entre las filiales de la misma empresa, las mercancías que cruzan la frontera para el procesamiento significativa para el orden o la reparación ).También los bienes de contrabando deben ser incluidos en la medición de las importaciones.Las importaciones de servicios comprenden todos los servicios prestados por no residentes a residentes. En las cuentas nacionales las compras directas por parte de los residentes fuera del territorio económico de un país se registran como importaciones de servicios, por lo que todo el gasto de los turistas en el territorio económico de otro país se consideran como parte de las importaciones de servicios.También los flujos internacionales de servicios ilegales deben ser incluidos.Las estadísticas básicas del comercio a menudo difieren en términos de definición y cobertura de los requisitos de las cuentas nacionales:Los datos sobre el comercio internacional de mercancías se obtienen en su mayoría a través de declaraciones a los servicios personalizados. Si un país aplica el sistema de comercio en general, todas las mercancías que entran en el país se registran como importaciones. Si el sistema especial de comercio (por ejemplo, fuera de la UE las estadísticas de comercio) se aplica los bienes que se reciben en depósitos aduaneros no se registran en las estadísticas de comercio exterior, a menos que posteriormente ir a la libre circulación del país importador.Un caso especial es las estadísticas del comercio intra-UE. Dado que las mercancías circulen libremente entre los Estados miembros de la UE sin los controles aduaneros, las estadísticas sobre comercio de mercancías entre los Estados miembros deben obtenerse a través de encuestas. Para reducir la carga estadística de los encuestados los comerciantes a pequeña escala están excluidos de la obligación de informar.Registro estadístico del comercio de servicios se basa en las declaraciones de los bancos a sus bancos centrales o por las encuestas de los principales operadores. En una economía globalizada, donde los servicios pueden ser prestados por medios electrónicos (por ejemplo, Internet) de los flujos internacionales de servicios relacionados son difíciles de identificar.Estadísticas básicas sobre el comercio internacional no suelen registrar los productos de contrabando o de los flujos internacionales de servicios ilegales. Una pequeña fracción de las mercancías de contrabando y servicios ilegales, no obstante, podrán incluirse en las estadísticas comerciales oficiales a través de envíos de falsos o declaraciones falsas que sirven para ocultar la naturaleza ilegal de las actividades.
Exports.
"Foreign demand for goods produced by home country"
In national accounts "exports" consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from residents to non-residents.The exact definition of exports includes and excludes specific "borderline" cases.A general delimitation of exports in national accounts is given below:
An export of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a resident to a non-resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the export measurement.
Export of services consist of all services rendered by residents to non-residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by non-residents in the economic territory of a country are recorded as exports of services; therefore all expenditure by foreign tourists in the economic territory of a country is considered as part of the exports of services of that country. Also international flows of illegal services must be included.
National accountants often need to make adjustments to the basic trade data in order to comply with national accounts concepts; the concepts for basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts:
Data on international trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering or leaving the country are recorded. If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade statistics) is applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation in the country of receipt.
A special case is the intra-EU trade statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation.
Statistical recording of trade in services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered via electronic means (e.g. internet) the related international flows of services are difficult to identify.
Basic statistics on international trade normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities.
Exportaciones
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